The Economist has published a very readable history and explanation of batteries, especially ones suitable for all electric cars, called “In search of the perfect battery.” In particular, it has a very extensive discussion of lithium-ion batteries, which will almost certainly be the core battery for most electric vehicles and plug-in hybrids. I highly recommend the piece, since electricity is the transportation fuel of the near- and far-future.
(h/t to my brother Dave for sending this to me.)