Last Friday, the Congressional Budget Office answered some questions from Sen. John Kerry about its much-discussed report (PDF) on the costs of cap-and-trade.
You’ll recall the report’s principle conclusion: a cap-and-trade program would reduce the deficit over the next decade. Despite that positive outcome, the report contained some scary numbers, like the fact that the program would cost the average household $1,600 a year. Republicans have been playing such numbers for all they’re worth.
CBO director Doug Elmendorf makes two things clear to Kerry (full letter reproduced at the bottom of the post):
- The report counted none of the cap-and-trade revenue returned to consumers — it only considered the gross cost to consumers of energy price increases, reflecting passed-through allowance prices; and
- the CBO has not scored Waxman-Markey — it scored a very different cap-and-trade proposal, and “the average gross cost per household in CBO’s illustrative analysis does not reflect the cost of achieving a similar reduction under H.R. 2454.”
The result of both these facts is that the net cost to households under the Waxman-Markey bill will likely be much lower than even the modest estimate in the CBO report.
Here’s the full letter (I’ve bolded a few key sections):
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Honorable John F. Kerry
United States Senate
Washington, DC 20510Dear Senator:
I am writing in response to your questions about an analysis by the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) that I discussed in my May 7 testimony before the Senate Finance Committee.
That testimony addressed the impacts of a possible cap-and-trade program for reducing U.S. emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2). In that testimony, I indicated that the price increases associated with an illustrative cap-and-trade program that CBO considered would result in an average cost per household of $1,600 a year. That figure is an estimate of the gross per-household cost due to the imposition of a price on emissions; the net per-household cost, which accounts for other features of the program that would reduce households’ costs or raise their income, would be substantially lower. In addition, the $1,600 cost estimate derives from the particular cap-and-trade program that CBO examined. The cost of cap-and-trade programs that have significantly different design features, such as the one that would be established under the bill recently approved by the House Energy and Commerce Committee (H.R. 2454, the American Clean Energy and Security Act of 2009), could be significantly different.
More specifically, under the illustrative cap-and-trade program that CBO analyzed, the government would create allowances (that is, rights to emit CO2) and firms that are regulated under that program would need to acquire such allowances. The government could either sell them (obtaining revenues that it could use in various ways, such as reducing taxes, providing rebates to consumers, or paying for other priorities) or give them away. In most cases, firms would pass the cost of acquiring the allowances (as well as their cost of reducing emissions) on to households in the form of higher prices for energy-intensive goods and services. Most of that estimated gross cost of $1,600 per household consists of the market value of the allowances that firms would have to acquire.
But much of the value of those allowances would ultimately accrue to households in people’s various roles as workers, investors, consumers, and taxpayers. The average net per-household cost would account for both the loss of purchasing power that households experienced because of higher prices and the share of the allowance value that they received (either directly by being given allowances or indirectly by benefiting from the revenues that the government or other entities received from selling the allowances).
Entities that received free allowances could readily convert them into cash by selling them in a large and liquid secondary market. Which households would ultimately benefit from free allocations would depend on how those allowances were distributed. For example, allocations to existing producers would tend to benefit their shareholders, while allocations to regulated distributors of electricity that were passed on to households as energy rebates would benefit households more broadly.
Differing characteristics of alternative cap-and-trade programs can have a significant effect on the price of the allowances and thus on the gross costs per household. The particular cap-and- trade program that CBO considered in its illustrative analysis was designed to induce a 15 percent reduction in carbon dioxide emissions. It did not cover other greenhouse gases, and the analysis assumed that firms could comply only by reducing their emissions. In contrast, the program that would be established under H.R. 2454 would cover six greenhouse gases (including CO2) and would allow firms to comply with the cap on emissions by purchasing offset credits. Those credits would be generated when entities that were not covered by the cap reduced or sequestered emissions in ways approved by the Environmental Protection Agency—by capturing methane from landfills, altering agricultural practices or avoiding deforestation in developing countries, for example. Those differences in design features could have significant implications for compliance costs:
- To the extent that emissions of other greenhouse gases could be reduced at a lower cost than that required for CO2 emissions, the inclusion of those other gases would reduce the cost of achieving a given target for emissions.
- If firms could obtain offset credits more cheaply than cutting their own emissions, allowing firms to comply by purchasing credits could significantly lower the cost of achieving a given target.
Differences between the design features of the illustrative cap-and-trade program that CBO considered and the one that would be established under H.R. 2454 would lead to different allowance prices for any given target and, in turn, to a different per-household cost. In fact, CBO’s estimate of the price of an allowance necessary to achieve a 15 percent reduction in greenhouse gas emissions under H.R. 2454—$16—is significantly less than the $27 price previously estimated for the illustrative cap-and-trade program for CO2 emissions.
As a result, the average gross cost per household in CBO’s illustrative analysis does not reflect the cost of achieving a similar reduction under H.R. 2454. CBO is in the process of estimating a per- household cost of the greenhouse gas cap-and-trade program that would be established under H.R. 2454.
Sincerely,
Douglas W. Elmendorf
Director
